What causes Parkinson's disease? The honest answer is: it's complicated, and in most cases, there's no single clear cause. Researchers believe it's usually a mix of genetic and environmental factors working together.
At the core of Parkinson's, dopamine-producing cells in a part of the brain called the substantia nigra Show Full Answer
What causes Parkinson's disease? The honest answer is: it's complicated, and in most cases, there's no single clear cause. Researchers believe it's usually a mix of genetic and environmental factors working together.
At the core of Parkinson's, dopamine-producing cells in a part of the brain called the substantia nigra gradually die off. Dopamine is the chemical that helps the brain communicate with muscles to control movement. When dopamine levels drop to about half of normal, symptoms begin to appear. Here's a breakdown of the main contributing factors:
Genetics
- About 10–15% of cases are thought to be entirely genetic
- Specific gene mutations (like PARK2, PINK1, LRRK2) have been linked to Parkinson's
- Having these genes doesn't guarantee you'll develop it
Environmental Factors
- Exposure to pesticides and herbicides has been strongly linked to higher risk
- Traumatic brain injury (TBI) may increase risk significantly
- Air pollution is being studied as a possible factor
- Vitamin D and B12 deficiencies, as well as diets high in saturated fat, are also being explored
Other Risk Factors
- Age is the biggest factor — most cases develop after 60
- Men are 1.5 times more likely than women to develop it
- About 85% of cases are considered "sporadic," meaning no clear genetic cause is identified The good news is that having one or even several risk factors doesn't mean Parkinson's is inevitable. Researchers are continuing to learn more every day. Talking with a neurologist about your personal history can help you better understand your own situation.
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